Leader Election: Bully Algorithm

Only the process with largest (smallest) UID becomes the leader. If some process sees that it's UID is extremal to the current leader UID, it will initiate leader election.
The are 3 types of messages:

• election message - sent to announce election
• answer message - response to the election message
• coordinator message - sent to announce the identity of the elected leader

Algorithm is following:

1. Some process P finds that leader is not available (or coordinator is down).
2. P initiates a new leader election by broadcasting election message.
3. Each process replies with own UID
4. If P finds a process with higher UID, it waits a bit and if there is no reply with higher UID, it will promote that host to leader.
5. However, if P receives a coordinator message with new leader, which UID is lower than P's UID, it will initiate another election.

Algorithm requires there should be a coordinator. It also requires N^2 + N messages, as at any moment any process can try to start election, thus send election message, handle N answer messages and send coordinator message. As an optimization, the process can send messages to the processes with larger UID only, this will give us N^2 / 2 + N messages, which is better, but not ideal.